Testing of the Prototype Model of the Proposed End Effector Design - Free Essay Example

Chapter Seven Testing of the Prototype Model of the Proposed End Effector Design 7.1 Introduction The performance of the proposed Dolly Baseboard assembly operation needs to be monitored and analyzed in order to minimize failure. As baseboard and dolly are supplied from different mould cavity in Clipsal, it is important to know the parameters such as the mould cavity number where the parts are made from or inserting speed, that might affect the consistence and cycle time of the assembly process, and to be able to vary or discard them so as to achieve the desired performance of the assembly process. The approach used in this project is an experimental technique known as Design of Experiment (DOE). DeVor, Tsong John (1992) has defined DOE as a statistical tool used in quality design and improvement. The purpose of DOE is to experiment with various combinations of parameters for the purpose of identifying the particular combinations that optimize certain design criteria or performance measures. 7.2 Mathematical representation of DOE In DOE, only the final outcomes obtained by a combination of different variables are of interest. This outcome is usually known as response, which is the performance of the dolly baseboard assembly process in this project. DeVor, Tsong John (1992) states that the response can be represented mathematically by the equation as illustrated in equation 7.1. Assuming that a system involving a mean response that is dependent on input variables x1, x2, . . . , xn. Then could be expressed as This mean that the mean response can be expressed as function with independent variables x1, x2, . . . , xn and a set of parameters 1, 2, . . . , k. The data collected during the experiment are represented by the equation as illustrated in equation 7.2. 7.2.1 Classification of variables by transfer function model The performance of a system can be described by a transfer function model as shown in 7.1. The transfer function illustrates the relationship between the inputs, defined control factors and the output of the process in the presence of noise. According to Taguchis Methods, the factors that can affect the output performance or quality can be classified into mainly four categories which are shown in Table 7.1. Table 7.1 Types of factors in an experiment S/No. Types of Factors Description 1. Signal factors These are factors that may be adjusted by user to attain target performance. 2. Control factors These are the process parameters whose values can be determined during design process. 3. Noise factors They are uncontrollable factors or controllable factors that do not want to control for the purpose of an experiment. 4. Scaling/Leveling factors Special case of control factors that may be easily adjusted to achieve a desired functional relationship between a signal factor and output response. (Source: DeVor, Tsong John, 1992) 7.3 Factors selection in the Dolly Baseboard assembly process One of the most important steps in designing an experiment for Dolly Baseboard assembly process is to select the appropriate factors to study. Basically, there are two groups of factors: The first is the experimental or input factors, those that can be manipulating and are also called the independent variables. The second is the response factors that are measured and are also called the dependent variables. 7.3.1 Input factors and their levels According to Pareto principle, there should be hundreds of factors to choose from, but only a vital few that really make significant changes to the response. It is crucial to identify these input variables and decide on their importance on the quality of output. The input factors and their levels that will have real effects on the performance of the assembly process are presented in Table 7.2. Table 7.2 Type of the input factors used in DOE S/No. Input Factors Description A Baseboard geometry with (Four Levels) Baseboard and dolly are made from different type of injection moulding machines in Clipsal, any geometrical variation might affect the performance of the assembly process, for example; if the geometry of dolly tends to be smaller and baseboard tends to be bigger, the assembly process will become harder. The dolly and baseboard can be selected from four different type of mould cavity to be used in DOE B Dolly geometry with (Four Levels) C Assembling speed with (Three Levels) This is the speed where dolly and baseboard are assembled together. The selection of this speed affects not only the performance of the assembly process, but also the assembly cycle time The setting of these three different speeds can be achieved using teach pendent of jointed-armed robot 7.3.2 Response factor It is also known as output factor, in this case, is to measure the performance of the assembly process. Taguchi mentioned that when selecting the response factors for their practicality, they should be hard, variable-scale factors (1-10) where possible. Thus, factors such as volts, shrinkage, size, and defect count make good response factors. The percent yield is an example of a poor response variable as it does not tell the quality of the rejected material. In this DOE, the performance of the assembly process is measured on a (0 to 2 variable-scale) factor which is explained as below: 0 It indicates poor assembly process; no dollies are assembled to baseboard. 1 It indicates fair assembly process; only one dolly is assembled to baseboard. 2 It indicates excellent assembly process; two dollies are assembled to baseboard 7.4 Design of three factors full factorial experiments The experimental design required is a fixed effect model of three factor full factorial designs. DeVor, Tsong John (1992) defined fixed effect model of factorial design as the levels specifically chosen by the experimenter. In hypothesis testing about level means, the conclusions will apply only to the factor level considered in the analysis. The three variables used in the experiment are assembling speed, baseboard and dolly geometry. The level condition of these variables is listed in Table 7.3 and it is noted that the levels of the assembling speed is in ascending order but not for the dolly and baseboard geometry which cannot be controlled that they might be the same or randomly different throughout the experiment. However, this is not important as it will not affect the final conclusion of the experiment. In order to adopt a standard notation, the variables are coded as A, B, and C with level coded as a, b and c and the possible test conditions will be 4 x 4 x 3 = 48. These are illustrated in Table 7.4. Table 7.3 Variable setting to determine the performance of assembly process Variables Unit Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Baseboard geometry (A) Cavity no.7 Cavity no.8 Cavity no.9 Cavity no.10 Dolly geometry (B) Cavity no.2 Cavity no.3 Cavity no.4 Cavity no.5 Assembling speed (C) mm/s 5 (Slow) 10 (Medium) 15 (Fast) Table 7.4 Coded and actual test conditions in standard order Coded Test Conditions Actual Test Conditions Test no. A B C Baseboard Geometry Dolly Geometry Assembling Speed (mm/s) 1 a1 b1 c1 Cavity no. 7 Cavity no. 2 5 2 a2 b1 c1 Cavity no. 8 Cavity no. 2 5 3 a3 b1 c1 Cavity no. 9 Cavity no. 2 5 4 a4 b1 c1 Cavity no. 10 Cavity no. 2 5 5 a1 b2 c1 Cavity no. 7 Cavity no. 3 5 6 a2 b2 c1 Cavity no. 8 Cavity no. 3 5 7 a3 b2 c1 Cavity no. 9 Cavity no. 3 5 8 a4 b2 c1 Cavity no. 10 Cavity no. 3 5 9 a1 b3 c1 Cavity no. 7 Cavity no. 4 5 10 a2 b3 c1 Cavity no. 8 Cavity no. 4 5 11 a3 b3 c1 Cavity no. 9 Cavity no. 4 5 12 a4 b3 c1 Cavity no. 10 Cavity no. 4 5 13 a1 b4 c1 Cavity no. 7 Cavity no. 5 5 14 a2 b4 c1 Cavity no. 8 Cavity no. 5 5 15 a3 b4 c1 Cavity no. 9 Cavity no. 5 5 16 a4 b4 c1 Cavity no. 10 Cavity no. 5 5 17 a1 b1 c2 Cavity no. 7 Cavity no. 2 10 18 a2 b1 c2 Cavity no. 8 Cavity no. 2 10 19 a3 b1 c2 Cavity no. 9 Cavity no. 2 10 20 a4 b1 c2 Cavity no. 10 Cavity no. 2 10 21 a1 b2 c2 Cavity no. 7 Cavity no. 3 10 22 a2 b2 c2 Cavity no. 8 Cavity no. 3 10 23 a3 b2 c2 Cavity no. 9 Cavity no. 3 10 24 a4 b2 c2 Cavity no. 10 Cavity no. 3 10 25 a1 b3 c2 Cavity no. 7 Cavity no. 4 10 26 a2 b3 c2 Cavity no. 8 Cavity no. 4 10 27 a3 b3 c2 Cavity no. 9 Cavity no. 4 10 28 a4 b3 c2 Cavity no. 10 Cavity no. 4 10 29 a1 b4 c2 Cavity no. 7 Cavity no. 5 10 30 a2 b4 c2 Cavity no. 8 Cavity no. 5 10 31 a3 b4 c2 Cavity no. 9 Cavity no. 5 10 32 a4 b4 c2 Cavity no. 10 Cavity no. 5 10 33 a1 b1 c3 Cavity no. 7 Cavity no. 2 15 34 a2 b1 c3 Cavity no. 8 Cavity no. 2 15 35 a3 b1 c3 Cavity no. 9 Cavity no. 2 15 36 a4 b1 c3 Cavity no. 10 Cavity no. 2 15 37 a1 b2 c3 Cavity no. 7 Cavity no. 3 15 38 a2 b2 c3 Cavity no. 8 Cavity no. 3 15 39 a3 b2 c3 Cavity no. 9 Cavity no. 3 15 40 a4 b2 c3 Cavity no. 10 Cavity no. 3 15 41 a1 b3 c3 Cavity no. 7 Cavity no. 4 15 42 a2 b3 c3 Cavity no. 8 Cavity no. 4 15 43 a3 b3 c3 Cavity no. 9 Cavity no. 4 15 44 a4 b3 c3 Cavity no. 10 Cavity no. 4 15 45 a1 b4 c3 Cavity no. 7 Cavity no. 5 15 46 a2 b4 c3 Cavity no. 8 Cavity no. 5 15 47 a3 b4 c3 Cavity no. 9 Cavity no. 5 15 48 a4 b4 c3 Cavity no. 10 Cavity no. 5 15 7.5 Method of data collection The data collection process begins by randomly selecting the test condition to be conducted. Each of the test condition is replicated 10 times and the mean average yijk is calculated. The total expected number of replicate is 48 x 10 = 480 and the estimated hours required is about 12 hours. In order to maximize the accuracy of the experiment, the test was accomplished in one full day and the same program was used throughout the entire testing, except for the three different assembling speeds mentioned earlier. Due to the insufficient parts supplied from Clipsal, dolly and baseboard must be used repeatedly. Finally, after counting all the available number of parts for the experiment, it was found that dolly and baseboard, which are made of plastics material, could be replaced with a new one in every 5 replications to avoid any inaccuracy to the final conclusion due to excessive bending. 7.2 shows the arranged baseboards and dollies that are ready for the test and a sample of the exper imental result is illustrated in 7.3. The experimental data for test 1 to 48 can be found in Appendix G. Before proceeding to the tests, it is important to make some assumptions to the experiment and they are discussed as below: a. The baseboard and fixture are secure enough to withstand the force exerted by the end effector during the assembly process. It means that their positions are fixed throughout the experiment. b. The area where baseboard is placed in the fixture, and dolly is attached to the end effector are dimensional controlled and should be constant throughout the experiment. It means that if baseboard and dolly geometry do not vary, they should be always at the same assembling position. c. The repeatability and accuracy of the motor in jointed-arm robot are kept to the minimum influence in this experiment d. During the assembly process, the areas where baseboard must be bended in order for dolly to be assembled will always resume to its original position within at least 5 replicate number of test. This means that their dimension will remain constant within 5 repetition of use. e. The geometry of baseboard and dolly made by the same mould cavity number is identical. If there is any geometrical variation, it should be small enough to have little effect in the final result. However, different mould cavity number might produce different part and this geometrical variation is allowed. Test No. Test Date Test venue Equipment used : 1 : 10 Sept 2004 : M-15a (UNISA) : Joint-arm robot Parameters settings Baseboard geometry Dolly geometry Assembling Speed : Cavity no. 7 : Cavity no. 2 : 5 mm/s Replicate no. Response Scale Factor(0-2) Replicate no. Response Scale Factor(0-2) 1 2.0 6 2.0 2 2.0 7 2.0 3 2.0 8 2.0 4 2.0 9 2.0 5 2.0 10 2.0 Mean Average, yijk = 2.0 7.6 Experimental results The graphs in 7.5 shows the results obtained from the 48 sets of experiment conducted. The graph for each test shows the average score for the 10 replicates of the assembly operation and it also indicates the consistency of the assembly process for each combination of the input factor. It can be seen that all test have a full score, except for test 2, 8, 10, 14, 20, 24, 34, 38 and 42 which score 1.9, and test 4 and 6 which score 1.8 for the consistence of the assembly process. The total number of test failed in the assembly operation is 13 and the input factor combination of these 13 tests are labelled and separated from the rest so that the root to their failure can be verified in future, and this is illustrated in 7.4 below. The assembly efficiency for the selected end effector design can then be calculated as below: Assembly Efficiency = = = 0.9729 or 97.29 % 130 Testing of the Prototype Model of the Proposed End Effector Design 7.7 Random order of test The run order of the 48 testing has been randomised as shown in Table 7.5. Randomisation of test order was exercised because it helps to lessen the effects of other factors that are not included in the study, particularly for effects that are time-dependent. Column 2 of Table 7.5 shows the test numbers which were randomly selected to be tested in order and column 6 is known as the response obtained from experiments, which is actually the mean average performance of the assembly process. The variable response scale factor is 0 to 2. Table 7.5 Test order and result obtained from each test 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Test Order Test No. A B C (mm/s) Response (0-2) Test Order Test No. A B C (mm/s) Response (0-2) 1 6 a2 b2 c1 1.8 25 44 a4 b3 c3 2.0 2 2 a2 b1 c1 1.9 26 3 a3 b1 c1 2.0 3 30 a2 b4 c2 2.0 27 8 a4 b2 c1 1.9 4 42 a2 b3 c3 1.9 28 7 a3 b2 c1 2.0 5 9 a1 b3 c1 2.0 29 10 a2 b3 c1 1.9 6 12 a4 b3 c1 2.0 30 4 a4 b1 c1 1.8 7 1 a1 b1 c1 2.0 31 13 a1 b4 c1 2.0 8 16 a4 b4 c1 2.0 32 23 a3 b2 c2 2.0 9 25 a1 b3 c2 2.0 33 18 a2 b1 c2 2.0 10 15 a3 b4 c1 2.0 34 21 a1 b2 c2 2.0 11 11 a3 b3 c1 2.0 35 17 a1 b1 c2 2.0 12 19 a3 b1 c2 2.0 36 33 a1 b1 c3 2.0 13 32 a4 b4 c2 2.0 37 27 a3 b3 c2 2.0 14 37 a1 b2 c3 2.0 38 20 a4 b1 c2 1.9 15 28 a4 b3 c2 2.0 39 31 a3 b4 c2 2.0 16 40 a4 b2 c3 2.0 40 26 a2 b3 c2 2.0 17 48 a4 b4 c3 2.0 41 36 a4 b1 c3 2.0 18 22 a2 b2 c2 2.0 42 41 a1 b3 c3 2.0 19 45 a1 b4 c3 2.0 43 43 a3 b3 c3 2.0 20 24 a4 b2 c2 1.9 44 46 a2 b4 c3 2.0 21 34 a2 b1 c3 1.9 45 38 a2 b2 c3 1.9 22 47 a3 b4 c3 2.0 46 35 a3 b1 c3 2.0 23 39 a3 b2 c3 2.0 47 29 a1 b4 c2 2.0 24 14 a2 b4 c1 1.9 48 5 a1 b2 c1 2.0 Note * A = Baseboard geometry a1 = Cavity no. 7 a2 = Cavity no. 8 a3 = Cavity no. 9 a4 = Cavity no. 10 B = Dolly geometry b1 = Cavity no. 2 b2 = Cavity no. 3 b3 = Cavity no. 4 b4 = Cavity no. 5 C = Assembling speed c1 = 5 mm/s c2 = 10 mm/s c3 = 15 mm/s 130 Testing of the Prototype Model of the Proposed End Effector Design 7.8 Use of statistical software to analyze the experimental results Assembly efficiency of 97.29 % was calculated in the previous session and this shows that there will be 1 failure for the assembly operation in every 37 cycles in the actual situation. This is obviously undesirable and must be improved. Therefore, it is necessary to know what factors that actually causes the 2.71 % to affect the consistency of the assembly operation. Generally, the use of statistical software to analyse the results of a designed experiment has been a common practice in the industries where the engineer only requires a fair knowledge of basic statistics and considerable time required for the manually statistic calculation can be reduced. In the case of this project, the software use for the analysis is known as Minitab version 13, which is available in the campus computer pool. The main objective of this software is to analyse the collected data so as to improved assembly efficiency of the selected end effector design by: a. Randomising the run order of the test. b. Generating Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) table to see which factor will affect the assembly operation significantly; this is illustrated in 7.6. c. Generating main and interaction effects plot for response to see which level of the factor will affect the assembly operation significantly. 7.8.1 Analysis of variance for the consistence of the assembly process The aim of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is to identify the source of variance that is likely to have influence in the experimental result by comparing the P-value of the input variable to some defined confidence level such as 1 %, 5 % and 10 %. According to the interpretation of ANOVA, the source of variance will become significant if its P-value is less than the defined confidence level. Table 7.6 as shown below tabulates the result of the ANOVA generated from Minitab for the three-factor fixed effect model. From the P-value in the last column of the table, it is observed that the baseboard (A) and assembling speed (C) will significantly affect the response since their P-values are far less than 0.05, which is in fact the standard and common confidence level that is set to be 5 % in this study. Dolly (B) has the P-value that is very close to the 5 % confidence level and this shows that it might have slight effect in the assembly operation. The P-value for baseboard (A) is 0.000 and this shows that it mainly affects the consistency of the assembly process no matter what confidence level is being defined. The (A C) interaction F-ratio has the P-value of 0.005, indicating that there is interaction between baseboards and the assembling speed. Table 7.6 The ANOVA table for the consistence of the assembly process Source of variance Sum of Square (SS) Degree of Freedom (DF) Mean Square (MS) F-ratio (F) P-value (P) Baseboard (A) 0.038958 3 0.012986 11.94 0.000 Dolly (B) 0.010625 3 0.003542 3.26 0.046 Assembling Speed (C) 0.012917 2 0.006458 5.94 0.010 AB (interaction) 0.018542 9 0.002060 1.89 0.119 AC (interaction) 0.030417 6 0.005069 4.66 0.005 BC (interaction) 0.003750 6 0.000625 0.57 0.746 Error 0.019583 18 0.001088 Total 0.134792 47 * Confidence level at 5 % (for general cases) 7.8.2 Interpretation of the level of main and interaction effect Once the source of variance which will affect the assembly operation was identified, it is to focus on what are the levels of that variable input that really causes the assembly process to fail. The relative importance of the level of the three main and interaction effects of the input variables on the assembly operation are shown graphically in 7.7 and 7.8. Both the magnitude and sign of the effects mean something: a. The sign tells the direction of the effects, that is, if the response increases or decreases. b. The magnitude indicates the strength of the effect. From the graph in 7.7 above, it is observed that the sign of the baseboard level changes significantly and that is why it has the 0.000 P-value in the ANOVA table. The best combination of the variable input was found to be (c2, b4 and a1 or a3), and the worst combination of the variable input is (c1, b1 or b2 and a2) which must be discarded in the assembly operation. Moreover, all the level of the variables that fall below the dotted-line, which is the position of the 5 % confidence level used in the study, should be discarded. These levels are a2, a4, b1, b2, c1 and c3. As refer to the graph in 7.8 above, the significant interaction between baseboard and assembling speed is indicated by the lack of parallelism of the average response at each level of the variables and this is obviously why it has the P-value that is less than the 5 % confidence level in the ANOVA table. It can be seen that a2 and c1 are the main causes to this significant interaction and they must be discarded in the assembly operation. In addition, (a4 c1), (a4 c2) and (a2 c3) will also have some effect in the assembly process. The results from the main effect and interaction plot are needed to combine to identify which levels of the variable that must be discarded in order to improve the assembly efficiency. This is illustrated in Table 7.7. It can be easily concluded that a2, a4 and c1 must be discarded as their duplicated existence in the table had mainly caused the inconsistency of the assembly operation during the experiment. The generated statistical data from Minitab version 13 can be found in Appendix H. Table 7.7 Summary of the result of the main effect and interaction plot Severity of the Significance (in the assembly process) Main Effect Plot (Level of the variable input) Interaction Plot (Level of the variable input) 1 a2 a2 c1 2 c1 a2 c3 3 b1, b2 a4 c1 4 a4 a4 c2 7.9 Analysis of the root to the discarded input variable It had been found that mould cavity 8 and 10 which manufactures baseboard, and assembling speed of 5 mm/s must be discarded in order for the assembly operation to be consistent. However, it is important to understand what actually causes these two variables to be discarded so that further recommendations can be used to improve the assembly operation. 7.9.1 Cause of the discarded assembling speed Among the three assembling speeds mentioned previously, medium speed of 10 mm/s is found to be the best while slow speed of 5 mm/s is found to be the worst. It shows that the initial guess of slow assembling speed will be the best is absolutely wrong. As dolly is not really secured by the suction cup of the end effector during assembly operation, there will be a higher chance that it will move around inside the end effector and cause the assembly operation to fail if the assembling speed is too slow. However, if the assembling speed is too fast, the shaft of dolly might not have sufficient time to insert properly into the hole of baseboard and this cause the failure of the assembly operation. As a result, medium assembling speed of 10 mm/s becomes the best choice. 7.9 as shown below illustrates the failure of the assembly operation due to the inappropriate setting of the assembling speed. 7.9.2 Cause of the discarded baseboard Although mould cavity 7 and 9, which manufactures baseboard, produce excellent result during the experiment of assembly operation, it is impossible to discard all baseboard from the other two mould cavities as this will cause the number of baseboard to be insufficient for the assembly operation. In contrast, it is more important to distinguish the geometric difference of baseboard from all the mould cavities. 7.9.2.1 Inspection of the baseboard geometry All the baseboards involved in the failures of the assembly operation are deeply inspected. Since mould cavity 7 and cavity 9 have no influence in the assembly operation, one of them is also inspected to compare with the inspection result of the failed part so that any geometric difference between the measured parts can be identified. Simultaneously, it is necessary to establish some useful dimension to be measured and this is illustrated in 7.10. Basically, the reason to obtain these three dimensions of A, B and C can be briefly explained as below: A. This dimension is important as its variation will directly affect the success of the assembly process, especially when it is too large. B. This dimension will affect the position of the baseboard to be assembled. C. This dimension sits inside the fixture and any variation of it will also affect the position of baseboard to be assembled. From the graph, it can be seen that dimension B and C have the two lines that are very close to each other, while dimension A has the two lines that is quite apart from each other. Moreover, the entire dimension A values of the failed baseboard are higher than the good baseboard. Therefore, it shows that this increased dimension A values of the failed baseboard had significantly caused the assembly operation to fail. Furthermore, out of the three dimensions value, only dimension A value has increased and it indicates that the problem did not come from the shrinkage problem of the mould cavity, otherwise all the three dimension value should have together increased. It is believed that the initial assumption that baseboard will resume to its original position within 5 replicates during the experiment is not valid, and thus causes dimension A value of the baseboard to increase. This is probably due to the different setting of the temperature in the injection moulding machine which event ually affects the material property of the baseboard and causes the assembly operation to fail. 7.9.2.2 Repetitive use of baseboards in the experiment As mentioned before, each of the baseboards was used 5 times before they were replaced with a new piece in the experiment due to the limited supply of the part from Clipsal. This means that each of the new part of baseboard and dolly was used only in the first and sixth replicate of the test number, while the fifth and tenth replicate of the test number are the part that were repeatedly used for five times during the experiment. In this case, the replicate number which failed in each of the test during the experiment of the assembly operation was observed. Table 7.8 as shown below summarize this observation. It can be seen that all the test number of the failed baseboard fall between the forth and last replicate number. It shows that the poor material property of the baseboards had made baseboards sustain excessive bending and that is why they could not resume to its initial position after 4 or 5 repeatedly use, and thus caused the assembly operation to fail. As a matter of fact, baseboard will be required to be bended for only one time in the actual assembly operation in Clipsal and this shows that the actual assembly efficiency should be more than 97.29 % if baseboard or dolly was not used repeatedly during the experiment. However, it is impossible to verify this value by conducting another set of experiments due to the limited time and resource in the project. Therefore, it can be concluded that the repetitive use of baseboard from mould cavity 8 and 10 had significantly increased the baseboard geometry but this will not affect the performance of the actual assembly operation in Clipsal. Table 7.8 Summary of the replication used of the failed baseboard during experiment Failed Baseboard Test No. 2 4 4 6 6 8 10 14 20 24 34 38 42 Replicate No. in Each Test No. 10 5 9 4 10 5 5 9 5 9 5 4 10 No. of Repetition of Use 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 7.9.2.3 Observing of the assembly operation during the experiment During the experiment, not only the results of the 480 replicates of the assembly process were recorded, but their behaviours were also observed very carefully. It was found that the two shafts of dolly did not really insert into baseboard together, but they rather inserted one side and then followed by the other side into baseboard, even when dolly was pushed from its centre. This two-motion insertion situation had made dolly to be shifted very close to one side of baseboard after assembly operation and this eventually might force the inserted dolly to pounce back from baseboard, especially when the geometry of baseboard is somehow increased. This observation is illustrated in 7.12 as shown below. It can be seen that this observation is actually similar to the one that had obtained during the force analysis in chapter 4. Therefore, it can be concluded that either dolly geometry needs to be increased or baseboard geometry needs to be decreased in order to maintain the high consistenc y of the assembly operation. 7.10 Conclusion Since the response of the proposed assembly operation is either pass or fail, which is much different from those situations where specific tolerance is given. As a result, three factors full factorial experiment, which requires tremendous number of trial of 480, was conducted to analyze the performance of the assembly operation. The assembly efficiency was found to be 97.29 %, which is quite far away from the manual one of 99.69 %. The result obtained from the statistical software of Minitab shows that the optimal assembling speed is 10 mm/s and dolly geometry had very little or negligible effect in the assembly process. Baseboard mould cavity number 8 and 10 were initially found to have significant influence on the inconsistency of the assembly operation. However, it was later clarified that the repetitive use of baseboards in the experiment are then the main cause to it The automatic assembly efficiency is then believed to be much higher but this is impossible to be verified by conducting set of experiment due to the limited resource in the project. Finally, observations obtained in DOE and force analysis are used to conclude that either dolly geometry needs to be increased or baseboard geometry needs to be decreased. This is important as it will help to further increase the assembly efficiency.

The Appropriate Pathway for Enhanced Recovery after Surgery to Deal with Post-Operative Recovery Free Essay Example, 3000 words

Fred also has three young children and is divorced from his wife who is out of the UK. Hip replacement surgeries have the potential to transform a patient s life by relieving the pain, disability or deformity that prompt the surgical intervention and in its ability to restore independent freedom (Hukkanen, Polak, Hughes, 2012, p178). There were 71,000 hip replacement surgeries that were carried out in the UK in the year 2010, and out of this, 10% of the replacements were revision surgeries where replacement hips were removed and refixed (Brooks, 2010). Hip replacement surgeries are about the replacement of the ends of both bones at the joint in order to create a new joint surface (Poinier Koval, 2013). This includes the use of materials like metal, plastic and ceramic to replace the ball at the femur in order to create a different surface that in the pelvic bone (Poinier Koval, 2013). There are two types of hip replacement surgeries. First of all, the cemented joints are created through the use of some kind of glue or cement in order to artificially join the bones at the hip joint. We will write a custom essay sample on The Appropriate Pathway for Enhanced Recovery after Surgery to Deal with Post-Operative Recovery or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The biological aspects tackle pain management and the handling of the procedures of the hip replacement surgery (Pucher, 2013). The psychological aspects of ERAS have to do with sharing information and conditioning the mind of the patient before, during and after a surgery (Malhothra, Puri, Malhothra, 2013).

I Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died Essay - 1330 Words

Emily Dickinson s â€Å"I heard a fly buzz when I died† is an elegy written from the perspective of the speaker who is already dead and who is reflecting back on the last moments of her life and the moment of her death. The speaker tells the story of his/her own deathbed scene: describing the final experiences and sensations before the exact moment of death. The poem uses specific language, descriptive visual and aural imagery, and other poetic devices to convey the confusion and frustration that speaker s experience just before their death. This poem takes a fascinating point of view on death, for the poem looks to describe the moment of death itself. In this particular, poem all the lines in the poem are written in iambic meter. Also, there are four stanzas, each with four lines also know as a quatrain. Also, every stanza in the first and third line contains iambic tetrameter and the second and fourth line having iambic trimeter. Many of the lines in the poem also have dashed to break up the flow of the meter and indicate short pauses. The first stanza of the poem starts with the speaker describing their death first talking about how death hears the sound of a fly, as it flies through the air in the silent room. The very first line of the poem informs the reader that the experience in this poem is being described from a unique and strange point of view. When first reading this poem you can tell that this won t be a typical elegy, because from the very first line theShow MoreRelatedI Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died842 Words   |  4 PagesMikalyn Hutchins Bozeman AP Prep English 9 30 October 2015 â€Å"I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died† by Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson was likely influenced by epitaphs on tombstones. She uses floral language like Frances Osgood, and did not write the way the general public thought women should write, like the way of Helen Hunt Jackson. It is possible that is the reason she did not publish her works (Petrino). In the poem ‘I heard a fly buzz when I died’, Emily Dickinson uses metaphors in order to say that everyoneRead MoreI Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pages Emily Dickson â€Å"I heard a fly buzz when I died† is an elegy written from the perspective of the speaker who is already a dead person who is reflecting back on the last moments of her life and the moment of her death. The poem uses specific language, descriptive visual and aural imagery, and other poetic devices to convey confusion and frustration that speaker s experience as at the very end accepting that their life is coming to an end, a fly came into their notice and disturbed their final momentsRead MoreAnalysis Of I Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died996 Words   |  4 PagesRomantic Era of poetry, where everything was romanticized: death, love, etc. Of her poems, â€Å"I Heard a Fly Buzz- When I Died,† is the most difficult to acquire the meaning from, but also the darkest of all her poems. In the poem, Dickinson describes a scene of a person, on their death bed, surrounded by people. The mood is calm, and serene, but it is interrupted by a buzzing fly. As the poem progresses, the pesky fly is forgotten and Dickinson explains the doleful environment in the room. The poem goesRead MoreAnalysis Of I Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died1137 Words   |  5 PagesEmily Dickinson’s â€Å"I heard a Fly buzz - when I died† describes a death speaker looks back the moment of his or her death. Using the objects like the storm, the fly and the melancholy of the people around to express the mood of the speaker, Dickinson reveals that faces the death, the speaker is afraid at first, but finally, the speaker finds the calmness and peace inside herself or himself. Like â€Å"I heard a Fly buzz - when I died†, After Death also addresses a moment before death. Rossetti uses theRead MoreCritical Analysis Of I Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died1381 Words   |  6 PagesLater in he r life, Dickinson writes about death and the overwhelming presence of death. Her famous poem, I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died, talks about death and the decay of the body. According to Helen Vendler’s Dickinson: Selected Poems and Commentaries, it gives an analysis of the I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died in line 7 of the poem the king will be coming and will reclaim what belongs to him and when he comes it will be witnessed by the bystanders in the room. The King is coming for the deceased andRead More An Annotation of Emily Dickinsons I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died1091 Words   |  5 PagesAn Annotation of Emily Dickinsons I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died Emily Dickinsons poem I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died is centralized on the events of death and is spoken through the voice of the dying person. The poem explores both the meaning of life and death through the speaker and the significant incidents at the time of near death that the speaker notices. Many of Dickinsons poems contain a theme of death that searches to find meaning and the ability to cope with the inevitable. ThisRead MoreEmily Dickinson s I Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died846 Words   |  4 PagesElements of â€Å"I heard a Fly Buzz When I Died† In some instances within literature, writers surprise readers by incorporating ideas that the reader may or may not expect. Within Emily Dickinson’s poem â€Å"I heard a Fly Buzz When I Died†, readers are introduced to a ghostly speaker that discusses the scene of their deathbed. Readers are exposed to many surprises throughout various aspects of the poem. One aspect of the poem that surprises readers is the relationship between the speaker and the fly .The firstRead More Death in Dickinsons I heard a Fly Buzz When I died Essay881 Words   |  4 PagesDeath in Dickinsons I heard a fly buzz when I died Emily Dickinson’s poem â€Å"I heard a fly buzz when I died† is a reflection on what happens when one dies. In the poem, the speaker is waiting to die. It seems as though they are expecting something spectacular to happen at the moment of their death. This spectacular event they are expecting does not happen. I heard a fly buzz when I died By Emily Dickinson I heard a fly buzz when I died; The stillness round my form Was like the stillnessRead MoreIssues of Mortality in Emily Dickinson’s â€Å"I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died595 Words   |  3 PagesDickinson’s â€Å"I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died â€Å"symbolizes the death that Emily saw around her daily. Emily Dickinson wrote the poem around the time of the Civil war which was between the years 1861 through the years 1865.Emily Dickinson was socially awkward, and around the time of her early twenties completely secluded herself from the outside world. Despite the fact that her family had strong political traditions, Emily and her brother seemed uninterested in the war. Very much so that when her brotherRead MoreAn Analysis of I Heard a Fly Buzz- When I Died and Jilting of Granny Weatherall1714 Words   |  7 PagesChrist then they will go to heaven, however, if a person fails to let go of their sins or does not live accept Christ then they will not find eternal life in heaven. Both â€Å"The Jilting of Granny Weatherall† by Katherine Anne Porter and â€Å"I Heard a Fly Buzz- When I Died† by Emily Dickinson depict characters who fail to find salvation after death because of their inability to see God in the physical form; the authors illustrate this using different literary elements including style, symbols and allusions

The Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act (...

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was enacted for the purpose of protecting the privacy of a client s personal and health information. ¹ Under HIPAA, protected health information (PHI) includes but is not limited to the following: a person s name, address, date of birth, age, phone and fax numbers, e-mail address, medical records, diagnosis, x-rays, photos, prescriptions, lab work, or test results. ¹ In this particular case scenario, a healthcare employee not only breached HIPAA in regards to publically releasing a patient’s PHI without the consent of the patient, but they also betrayed their patient’s trust. Regardless of any personal relationship a physical therapist would have with another healthcare professional, steps must be taken to assure that this breach in patient confidentiality is rectified and that a similar mistake is not made again. This particular situation is made increasingly difficult due to the nature of not only m y professional working relationship with this fellow member of the healthcare team, but also by the fact that I consider her one of my closest friends. Although I am not directly in charge of a certified occupational therapy assistant’s (COTA) patient case load, it is my â€Å"legal obligation to protect confidential patient/client information† according to Principle 2E of the Physical Therapy Code of Ethics. ² Also according to the Physical Therapy Code of Ethics section 4C, â€Å"physical therapists shall discourageShow MoreRelatedThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act ( Hipaa )1113 Words   |  5 PagesMost of us are familiar with The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), as the federal law that ensures protection and security of patients’ personal and health information. Its initial purpose was to protect transmittal of electronic health information as technology began replacing paper (records, communications, and such.) While our personal information is being protected, and it prevents insurance companies from using this information against us when they are determiningRead More The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)882 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Insurance Portability and Accountability Act The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, most commonly known by its initials HIPAA, was enacted by Congress then signed by President Bill Clinton on August 21, 1996. This act was put into place in order to regulate the privacy of patient health information, and as an effort to lower the cost of health care, shape the many pieces of our complicated healthcare system. This act also protects individuals from losing their healthRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act ( Hipaa )1383 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1996 the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). This act of congress has changed how every covered entity manages and distributes health information. Standards have been established for providers. Patients have the right to view their health records. They also have recourse if their health information is disclosed without their permission. As a patient you (or your personal representative) have the right to view and receive a copy of your medical and billing records fromRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act ( Hipaa )1533 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION: PRIVACY IN HEALTHCARE The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), public law was enacted on August 21, 1996 (HIPAA - General Information, 2013, April 2). HIPAA required the Secretary to issue privacy regulations to rule individually identifiable health information (HHS.gov, n.d.). The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) applies to health plans, health care clearing houses, and to any health care provider who carries health information into electronicRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act ( Hipaa )899 Words   |  4 Pagesinformation present in health care. In their field of work, nurses organize data they collect and incorporate it into effective nursing interventions and care plans. As technology increasingly arises in health care, nurses have the duty to maintain privacy and confidentiality of their patient. Therefore, nurses must be proficient in nursing informatics, are responsible for adequate information and documentation, and must abide the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) to safeguard theirRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act ( Hipaa )1171 Words   |  5 Pagesfixtures in any business or health care related profession. While these advances increased workplace efficiency and the ease in which one could access company and patient information, it opened organizations and individuals up to security breaches and unsecured information. Overall, these developments brought to light the need for enhanced security and patient control over medical records and treatment. In 1996, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was enacted by CongressRead MoreHipaa Or Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act Of 1996983 Words   |  4 Pages HIPAA or Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 is a set of laws aimed to protect people from losing their health insurance coverage during change or loss of employment, to c ontrol health care fraud and abuse, and to maintain patient`s health information and/or status confidential. The origins of HIPAA go as far back as the 1990 when medical records were suggested to become computerized, management of health care records was questioned and portability of health insurance becameRead MoreHealth Insurance Portability And Accountability Act Of 1996 ( Hipaa )1319 Words   |  6 Pagescovers information security within Healthcare: †¢ Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) †¢ Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act of 2009, †¢ Affordable Care Act of 2010 2. Review and describe each regulation in your own words in minimum 1000 words. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) HIPAA, the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability act was signed into law in 1996 by President ClintonRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act Of 1996 ( Hipaa )1685 Words   |  7 PagesOffice of Civil Rights (OCR) maintains one of the most well-known laws meant to protect the privacy of health information - the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). HIPAA is composed of statute and rules such as the Privacy Rule, Security Rule, Breach Notification Rule, and others. These rules cover various aspects of health information security. For example, â€Å"the HIPAA Security Rule specifies a series of administrative, physical, and technical safeguards for covered entitiesRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act Of 1996 ( Hipaa )1686 Words   |  7 PagesLaw 104-191, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). The purpose was to improve the Medicare program under tit le XVIII of the Social Security Act, the Medicaid program under title XIX of such Act, and the efficiency and effectiveness of the health care system. This public law encouraged the development of a health information system through standards and requirements for the electronic transmission of certain health information (aspe.hhs.go). The Act established a program The Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act (... In 1996 the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). This act of congress has changed how every covered entity manages and distributes health information. Standards have been established for providers. Patients have the right to view their health records. They also have recourse if their health information is disclosed without their permission. As a patient you (or your personal representative) have the right to view and receive a copy of your medical and billing records from physicians, pharmacists and health insurance provider. This record can be electronic or a paper copy. Patient’s can also request that their health records be sent to another health care provider. A health care provider or health plan may†¦show more content†¦If your provider wants to share information about you, they must request permission from you to do so. If you find that your medical record contains an error, you can request a correction. Your physician is required to respond to this request. If the physician does not agree with you, the patient is allowed to write a statement of disagreement that must be kept with your records. A breach is usually described as â€Å"an impermissible use (or disclosure) under the Privacy Rule that compromises the security or privacy of protected health information.† There are three exceptions to the definition of â€Å"breach.† The first exception applies to the unintentional acquisition, access, or use of protected health information by a workforce member. This can also apply to a person acting under the authority of a covered entity or business associate. If such acquisition, access, or use was made in good faith and within the scope of authority, it qualifies as an exception. The second exception applies to the inadvertent disclosure of protected health information by a person authorized to access protected health information at a covered entity or business associate to another person authorized to access protected health information at the covered entity or business associate, or organized health care arrangement in which the covered entity participates. In both cases, the information cannot be further used or

Satan as a Hero Essay - 1433 Words

John Milton’s Paradise Lost is an epic poem that describes the fall of Satan and the expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise. Satan is the protagonist of Paradise Lost and has several characteristics in which readers may identify with him. Throughout the poem, Satan is not only a tragic hero but also the key character that drives the plot and portrays many flawed human qualities. As an angel fallen from the high esteem of God and a possessor of hubris that leads to his downfall, he represents a tragic hero but also a character in which readers may identify with. Following the standards of classic tragic heroes, Satan is a determined leader with an extreme amount of hubris. He knows that God is the most powerful being and yet he still†¦show more content†¦Satan is so high in his own esteem; he cannot bear to be a servant and must be a leader, as he says in Book I, â€Å"Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heav’n† (line 263). Satan is indeed â€Å"Hur led headlong flaming from th’ethereal sky† (Book I, line 45) and into Hell where he will live in fire. But as a leader, and a true protagonist, Satan chooses to accept his situation and rise as a hero for the pack of fallen angels he has led from Heaven. Even if God is his enemy, at least he is not serving anyone. He possesses his own heaven now, though not joyful and happy as the heaven he was just expelled from, â€Å"Farewell happy fields/Where joy for ever dwells: hail horrors, hail/Infernal world, †¦/ Receive thy new possessor† (Book I, lines 249-253). Satan makes Hell his Heaven with his mind, as he says, â€Å"The mind is its own place, and in itself/Can make a Heav’n of Hell, a Hell of Heav’n† (Book I, lines 254-255). Satan acknowledges that he has made a Hell of his previous Heaven, but he also uses that reasoning to make Hell into his own Heaven. His anti-heroic qualities are apparent, though, when he tells his followers in Boo k I, â€Å"To do aught good never will be our task/ But ever to do ill our soul delight† (lines 159-160). It cannot be forgotten that Satan is evil by his creation and through his free will. God created Satan with all of his imperfections but makes it clear that he had a choice byShow MoreRelatedSatan As A Hero And A Villain916 Words   |  4 PagesSatan as a Hero and a Villain (Analysis of Satan in John Milton’s Paradise Lost) John Milton created Paradise Lost out of twelve books of well constructed poetry. A poem depicting and going into detail of the story of Adam and Eve, man’s creation and fall. The poem focuses on the actions of one particular character, Satan. Milton introduces his readers to Satan in Book I as a hero, trying to get revenge against God for throwing him out of Heaven, being banished to Hell. But as Satan carries on withRead MoreIs Satan A Hero Or Villain?1258 Words   |  6 PagesIs Satan a Hero or a Villain? An Analysis of Milton’s Paradise Lost The heroic qualities of Satan in John Milton’s Paradise Lost are overwhelmingly masked by his ‘satanic’ and villainous acts which qualify his character to fall into a category of villain rather than hero. Paradise Lost is an epic poem and like all epic poems, requires an epic hero with a tragic flaw. The tragic flaws of Satan are too prominent and effectual to call him an epic hero, but rather these flaws, or evil characteristicsRead MorePortrayal Of Satan As A Hero1111 Words   |  5 PagesDecember, 2015 Milton?s Portrayal of Satan as a Hero In the poem of ?Paradise Lost?, critics disagree with Milton for portraying Satan as a hero, while many oppose it; others view it as Milton?s style. Even-though within the poem Milton carries the same moral concepts and ambiguity of Satan?s heroism which has been a topic of discussion for more than three centuries (Murphy). Aristotle?s idea of hamartia to a reading of ?Paradise Lost? is rational of that of Satan, because he is perceived as a strongRead MoreSatan As A Tragic Hero Essay722 Words   |  3 PagesM. DeRosas Professor Julie Roth ENGL.2322.W31C 6 December, 2015 Satan as a tragic hero In the poem of ?Paradise Lost? written by John Milton, Satan is thought of as a tragic hero because he is perceived as a strong leader to the fallen angels and has tremendous importance. He struggles to overcome his apprehensions and choses to dedicate him to evil. He lacks strength to accomplish his goal of corrupting mankind. Satan becomes unable to judge God?s grace and is not able to find a way of makingRead MoreSatan: the True Hero of Paradise Lost1635 Words   |  7 Pagescenturies. One would gather that Milton, a Puritan, would have no problem casting God as the hero, and Satan as the antagonist. But looking back in history, Milton saw that most epic heroes had conflicts that prevented them from accomplishing their goals. God and his Son have no conflict, and Adams story doesnt really begin until the Fall of Man. Therefore, Milton was forced to select Satan as the hero of Paradise Lost because he adheres to the guidelines of epic poetry set by Homer, Vergil andRead MorePar adise Lost: Is Satan a Tragic Hero? Essay1473 Words   |  6 PagesIn Miltons Paradise Lost, he writes the story of the fall of Satan, his followers, and mankind. Many critics often view Satan as the unlikely or tragic hero of the epic poem. Satan is, obviously, the main character throughout most of the poem, but not necessarily the hero. Satans main purpose is to fight G-d, and try to be on the same level as Him. The important thing is to realize that Satan is sin, and being humans, who are all born into sin, we can easily relate to a sinful character. G-dRead MoreParadise Lost: Satan Hero or Villain?2668 Words   |  11 PagesSatan: Epic Hero or Villain? John Milton wrote one of the greatest epic poems of all time when he wrote Paradise Lost in 1667. The book tells about mans creation and fall while detailing characters and the plot beyond what the Bible taught. One of these characters is Satan, which is one of the most argumented, controversial, and popular characters in the history of literature. The reason for controversary is the unclarity of whether or not Satan is a hero or a villain. He contains manyRead MoreEssay on Is Satan the Epic Hero in Paradise Lost?2123 Words   |  9 Pagesworld are taught that God is a hero above the rest. He is both omnipotent and omnipresent, almost like how Santa Clause is described as to little children. God does no wrong and is incapable of committing a sin; He is a picture perfect being. Satan is God’s archenemy and polar opposite, he’s popularly known for his evil ways and the fiery inferno that he inhabits, described in the book Dante’s Inferno. Rarely do people confuse the idea that God is the hero and Satan is the evildoer that needs toRead MoreParadise Lost - John Miltons Satan; Hero or Not? Essay1844 Words   |  8 Pagescharacters in the way he believes they are. In book II of Paradise Lost, Milton portrays Satan as a rebel who exhibits certain heroic qualities, but who turns out not to be a hero. br brMiltons introduction of Satan shows the reader how significant Satan is to Pa radise Lost. He uses Satans heroic qualities to his followers, and his ability to corrupt to show the thin line between good and evil. Satan was one of the highest angels in Heaven and was know as Lucifer, meaning, light bearer. ThisRead More Satan: The True Hero of Paradise Lost by Milton Essay1638 Words   |  7 PagesSatan: The True Hero of Paradise Lost by Milton The identity of the true protagonist in Paradise Lost is a mystery. One would gather that Milton, a Puritan, would have no problem casting God as the hero, and Satan as the antagonist. However, looking back in history, Milton saw that most epic heroes had conflicts that prevented them from accomplishing their goals. God and his Son have no conflict, and Adam’s story does not really begin until the Fall of Man. Therefore, Milton was forced to select

Property Law and Common Law

Question: Discuss about the Property Law and Common Law. Answer: Introduction: There has been under common law a denial traditional and a resistance towards the subject of prospect or view as a right related to the property. It was in the case of William Alred in the year 1610 that the property rights which were putative in terms as that prospect is only a matter of delight and there is no necessity which is attached to it, therefore there is no action that will lie for stopping the same, however, it is for a house a great commendation it there is a large and long prospect to it. The law, but does not recognize any action related to the stopping of such things which are related to delight. The reason why common law does not recognize the views propertization is because it is of the opinion that nature of the same is very whimsical, it is but as per the court a thing which is merely of delight as had been stated in the landmark case of William Alfred. There is no permanence or stability to it to be able to form a grants subject matter. It is thought crtically as being incapable of conformation theoretically to the main attributes of property which is excludability. Meaning thereby that this right cannot be specifically excluded from the other bundle of rights and neither can it exist of its own. Thus, from the perspective of property rights, and the bundle of right analogy, there has been unwillingness by the common law in isolating a scenic right or right to view which is discrete from within the rights of enjoyment and use within the bundle. The English Judiciary during the period as above also established the Ancient Light Doctrine. It based on the prescription by which the owner of the two lots adjoining who has from the second lot to the first, enjoyed right from the free flow of air and light continuously and who has conveyed the above mentioned second parcel shall continue to retain an unobstructed right to the air and light in this property. Provided however, this right has been enjoyed for a period of at least twenty years. However, there was a rejection such a right to views perspective since this right was looked upon by them as being only a matter of delight as compared to that of air and light which they had classified as being necessities. There have been various criticisms over this view that has been taken by the common law courts and it is not entirely defensible. The English Judiciary, around the time of the America Revolution recognized the negative easement which was there with respect to view, air and light. But there was a different approach that was taken by them for creating easements for these rights. The consequence of this was that right to air and light could arise by covenant or grant, prescription or implications whereas with respect to right to view this would arise only if there was a covenant or grant which mentions it specifically. Further in the late 19th century the case of Alfred also received criticism in England wherein the distinction between right of prospect and right to light was noted on the basis that while one was a matter of delight the other was that necessity. Such a view more than satisfactory was quaint. There was an inconsistency in common law which was exemplified by this statement with respect to tolerating of easement rights that were analogous, such as rights relating to air and light, but not for the rights that related to view. There were various other rumblings as well. There is no longer any relevance of the justifications of the policy behind the Alfred case. An example of this is the fear that was there that the right to view encumbrance over a property would fetter the estates free alienation or development may be hampered which was something that was understandable in the year 1610. However in the modern times this policy has become redundant in which the encumbrance of the interes ts are by multiplicity of burdens or charge, which may either be statutory or otherwise. Further it may be observed that such prohibitions on the right of view forming the propertys subject matter may have a justification where the right which is presumed arises prescriptively or impliedly, but not certainly where the same has arisen through grant which is express, specially where there has been a meeting of the law principles of a basic contract. The faint echoes of nuisance is never far away when it comes to cases that are related to view obstruction. There is frequent employment of nuisance, being a tort that is proprietary, when exploring the properties boundaries. The struggle of High Court in Australia with respect to prospect as property has been discussed and deliberated at various forums. In Ahearn v. Havler which is an obstruction case there was an iron fence the height of which was of 7 feet 6 inches in the Auckland suburbs was considered by courts to not in fact be nuisance. But the matter shall always remain that of degree. There is reserved in Property Law itself a right of intervention when any kind of obstruction crosses the threshold of becoming a nuisance. Thus there is watching brief role that property law has when it comes to interference with property. Conclusively it can be stated that the position of the common law that denying right to prospects and right to view is not entirely defensible. Further the decision of Hutchens v City of Holdfast Bay established the view of the common law not defensible. In the Supreme Court of SA DeBelle J. handed down his opinion with respect to private view of the sea as being an amenity and opined that it was granted protection under the common law. This case an application was made for the consent of the development of a building that was three storied at Adelaide, the Sea Cliffs Esplanade which comprised of two residential apartments, a food store for takeaways and car-parking. The argument against this development was that it would cause an obstruction to the view of the coasts which was being enjoyed currently at the propertys rear by the neighbors. The matter was brought before the court of Commissioner of the Environment and Development on the grounds that there was a right that there existed a right to the view of the sea and the development which was proposed by the respondent would lead to the obstruction of this view. There (as already discussed above) has been generally previously considered that the views which are with respect to dwellings that are private such as the hill views, coastal or the sea are not any classified right but are instead subject to the land that is in front of it. It is widely considered that any view that the other land parcels have would be subjected to the approval of the council for any property development in the front of it. The enjoyment right of the views was not generally deemed to be in the category that is same as other rights such as that to air, light and using the land generally and enjoying ones own property. However, DeBelle J. opining in the appellants favour stated that there was a private right that the appellants had to the view of the sea which was being enjoyed by them currently from the their residential dwellings. It was ruled by his Honor that the amenities which are currently in existence such as the view of the view and being enjoyed by the residents had an overbearing effect on the others rights to be able to develop the land in a manner to be able to maximize their own view of the sea. Thus, despite the fact that there are no rights which are given expressly to the owner of the properties with a view from the residence, this view broadened in this case by the opinion of DeBelle J. as he broadened the amenity definition so that includes aspects such as coastal and sea views. There was a potential legal protection that this case established for protecting the views from private residences. Therefor, though it has been considered previously generally that views which are in association with private residents such as coasts, seas and views of the hill, are not to be classified as being rights, but are subject instead to the land that is before them. However, this case has recognized this right as being an amenity that is to be protected under the common law. In contrast possessory and property right and determination of boundaries have been given under common is given sound protection. In the situation where there is any kind of interference with the real property of an individual it would give rise to trespass of land tort or that of nuisance. It was opined in the case of Entick v. Carrington by Lord Camden LCJ that invasion of a property that was private even for a minute would amount to trespass. There can be no one who can set foot on a private property without the license from the owner. Further such person would be liable to action even if there has been no damage caused. Further these rights have long been exercised against the officers of the government who are not acting within their lawful authority or the government itself. In the case of Plenty v Dillion it was stated by Toohey JJ and Mason CJ and Brennan that the principles as stated in the Entick case shall be applicable to any persons entry who is purporting to act within the Crowns authority as well as any other individuals entry. Lord Denning was then quoted, adopting from the Earl of Chatham a quotation, by their honours stating that all forces of the Crown may be bid defiance by the poorest of man who is in his own cottage. It may not be a strong cottage, the roof may be shaking, the wind may be blowing through it, the rain and storm entering but it will not be allowed for the King of England to enter this cottage. There cannot be crossing of his force across the threshold of this tenement that is ruined unless; there is a strong justification under law for the same. In the case of Haliday v Nevill it was stated similarly by Brennan J. that the abovementioned principle is applicable to both private persons as well as the government officers alike. A police officer who has entered or has remained on a property which is private without license or leave by the person in whose possession the property is or who is entitled to the possession of such property there is a trespass which has been committed and he has acted in a manner which is outside the his dutys course unless his remaining or entering the property has been excused or authorized by the law. Conclusively it can be stated that the manner in which the common law approaches the determination of the other boundaries of the property is not the same in which it approaches the boundaries of right to view or prospect status of the property. There is far more stricter approach taken by the courts in the course of the actions for determining if there has been any trespassing over the premises of the individual without his leave or license or unless it has been specified under the law, even from the Crown or the government or the officers of the government. It is only when it comes to the right of view that the common law has taken or more lax view opining it to be only a mere delight this is in contrast event to the approach it has taken towards the right to air and light (as mentioned above) which it has stated to be the necessity. However, this is defensible as there has been a change in the view of the courts and in the recent cases the right to view has been added to the list of amenities in the case of Hutchens v City of Holdfast Bay. References Candetti, Lora, "Private Views May Now Be Recognised And Protected By Common Law" (2007) 22Australian Property Law Bulletin Gale, Charles James and Spencer G Maurice,Gale On Easements(Sweet Maxwell, 1972) Lee, Rosalind, "Nuisance - The Right To Light" (2007) 25Property Management "Light And Air-Extent Of The Right To" [1852]The Western Law Journal Page, John and Ann Brown, "Scenic Amenity, Property Rights, And Implications For Pastoral Tenure In The South Island High Country" [2008]Paper Presented at University of Canterbury Law Reeves, Alfred G,A Treatise On The Law Of Real Property(Little, Brown, 1909) Ahearn v Havler[1967] NZLR 245, 248 Dalton v Angus[1881] a AC 740, 824 Entick v Carrington[1765] EWHC KB J98 Haliday v Nevill[1984] HCA 80 Hutchens v City of Holdfast Bay[2007] SASC 238 Nomar v Ballard[1915] 60 S.E.2d 710, 714 Plenty v Dillion[1991] HCA 5 Southam v Smout[1964] 1 Q.B.) 308, 320. William Alred[1610] 77 ER 816 at 821 A Common Law Right | ALRC(2016) Alrc.gov.au https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/common-law-right-3#_ftn7

Business Activities Of Coca Cola Amatil †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Business Activities Of Coca Cola Amatil? Answer: Introduction The report talks about the business operation of Coca Cola Amatil Company. It explains that how the company is maintaining the best brand in soft drinks and beverage products across the world. It describes the core values, mission, vision and corporate strategies of the company. The report also describes the leadership style and organizational culture of the company. It explains that how the company overcomes on its competitors in the market. Coca Cola is one of the biggest brand and product around the world. It is an independent and self-governing company which is dealing in a variety of beverage and soft drinks. Its headquarter is located in Australia and the company also operates its business in South Korea, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, Indonesia, Samoa, and Fiji. It is the primary manufacturer and producer of Coca Cola products which mainly focuses on the Asia specific countries. The business of the company is based on snacks foods and alcoholic beverages. It is listed on the Australian securities exchange in 1972. Alison Watkins is the CEO and managing director of the company and David Gonski is the board chairman of the company (Bailey Peetz, 2015). Mission The mission of the company is to revive and refresh the world in body, mind, and spirit. To inspire and encourage the brands, moments, brands of the company. To build and develop good values of the company (Maharaj Reddy, 2013). Objectives The main objective of the company is to introduce and create a variety of beverage brands which satisfy the consumers needs, wants and desires. The company wants to develop an effective and strong network of the suppliers and customers to enhance and encourage their values. The other objective of the company is to gain high success and growth with achieving the organizational goals and objectives. It also wants to maximize the profit with maintaining the long term sustainability in the market. The companys core competencies consist a distribution system, administrative control, and strong brand. The core competencies refer to the specific set of knowledge, skills, and experience which are a need in the organization in order to achieve goals and objectives of the company. Leadership, integrity, sustainability, passion, diversity, and accountability are the core values of the company. The core values and competencies are the uniqueness of the company (Burrows, Pursey Stanwell, 2015). Corporate strategies The company is using the various corporate strategies in order to meet the long term goals and objectives with maintaining sustainability growth in the organization. The corporate strategies of the company have been discussed below. Marketing strategies: Coca Cola Amatil uses the various corporate strategies to identify and analyze the taste and preferences of the consumers. Through the marketing strategies, the company can know the various choices of consumers related to beverages and soft drinks products. (Kumarasiri, 2015). Promotion strategy: The Company focuses on various promotion strategies to promote and increase the demand for the products in the market. In this way, the company can make a good position in the market. Growth strategies: The Company is using various kinds of growth strategies to increase and expand the growth and success of the organization. It is investing the large amount on its business operations and activities to achieve the long term vision and mission of the organization. It also uses the various diversification strategies to expand its business in the market. Stability strategies: If Coca Cola Amatil feels that growth strategies are not viable and feasible, then company uses the stability strategies. Mainly, this strategy focuses on the current position and supply chain and quality control of the company. Focus strategy: The company uses focus strategy in differentiation and low-cost dimensions. It also focuses on the cost of the beverage products to increase the profit of the company. Leadership strategy: The organization mainly focuses on the effective leadership strategy to gain the competitive advantage in the market. The low-cost leadership strategies are one the biggest business level strategies that the company has been using since its incorporation. Product differentiation strategy: The Company uses the products differentiation strategy to differentiate its product from the competitors product. Many times, it seems that the competitive companies produce the similar products. Therefore, the organisation faces many difficulties due to similar products so the company uses the product differentiation strategy (Blanding, 2011). The growth strategy is the biggest achievement for the company and it is giving the largest competitive and viable edge to the company. This strategy helps to achieve the organizational goals and objectives effectively. Now it is assumed that all the core values, competencies and corporate strategies play a significant role in success and growth of the company (Mialon et al, 2016). Two criticism of the Coca Cola Amatil The two criticisms of the company have been discussed below. Water management is a serious issue in the company. Therefore, the company is facing several problems due to water shortage and scarcity. On the other hand, people have also blamed on the company for mixing pesticides in the water to remove bacteria and clear the containments. This is affecting the health of the people. They are suffering from various diseases due to the carbonated and soft drinks. It also affects the revenue and profit of the company. Due to the water scarcity, the company is not providing the healthy soft drinks and beverages to customers. Carbonated beverages are the reason of obesity and overweight. It also affects the behavior of the customers. Various communities and customers are affecting the water scarcity. The company should improve the management of water to gain competitive advantages (Okur-Berberoglu, 2014). The other criticism is sustainability and corporate social responsibilities. The company is facing many challenges due to poor sustainability and corporate social responsibilities. The company is not following all the compliance, rules, and norms of the business. It is affecting the behavior of stakeholders. The corporate social responsibility ensures the compliance with national and international norms, values and ethical standards. The company is not maintaining sustainability among the employees. It also affects the business operation of the company. Now it is assumed that the company should resolve these issues to achieve long term as well as short term goals and objectives (Pallegedara Warren, 2014). SWOT analysis Coca Cola Amatil is the leading producer and retailer of the soft drinks and beverage product across the world. The company is popular for the carbonated drinks and beverage products. Here, SWOT analysis shows the strengths, weaknesses, potential opportunities and threats of the company. The SWOT analysis is discussed below. Strengths It is the best well known and popular brand across the world in terms of profits, revenue, brand image and stock market performance. It serves its products in more than 200 countries, therefore; it maintains the broad distribution and marketing network in the world. The company uses the strong promotion and advertising strategy to gain the competitive advantage globally. Coca Cola Amatil is focusing on corporate social reasonability programs like water recycling, packaging, and energy conservation. This helps to build the strong and effective corporate image of the company (Hassan, Amos Abubakar, 2014). Weaknesses The company mainly focuses on some limited products like sprite, coke, and Fanta. Therefore, it does not keep the focus on the healthy beverages and soft drinks. The product portfolio of the company is not properly diversified, it only focuses on the carbonated drinks. It affects the business activities of the company. It has 8 billion dollars of debt in the market which is also another weakness of the company. Product diversification is another negative point of the company and it affects the performance of the organization. Opportunities The global market is available for the production of soft drink and beverage products. The company can expand its business to produce the new beverage and soft drinks products in the market. Entry into packaged food is another way to expand the market globally. Diversification is another opportunity for the company. Through diversification, the company can improve the quality of beverage and soft drink products. In todays world, there are many products which are not acceptable in the market due to product portfolio of Coca Cola Amatil. Therefore, the company should focus on the marketing of these products (Gelbrich Roschk, 2011). Threats Sugar based beverage and drinks lead to many health issues and problems. It is the serious and major threat to the company. More than 60% revenue and profit come from overseas markets. Weak and poor currency performance of other countries will affect the sales of the company. Water resources will also become the major threat to the company. RC cola and Pepsi are giving rigid competition in the market. The market of developed countries are already soaked and saturated (Randeberg Selvik, 2014). PESTLE analysis PESTLE analysis evaluates and identifies changes in the market caused by the various external factors like political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, legal and environmental factors. They are discussed below. Political factors: These factors affect the business of the company adversely. Political factors which are influenced the company operations are such as changes in legal regulation, non-alcoholic business area and political condition in the international market. Economic factors: Economic recession, inflation rate, and interest may affect the company negatively. Therefore, the company analyses the economic factors. Sociocultural factors: These factors also affect the business operation of the company. The sociocultural factors include the customers tastes, preferences, desires, values, customs, and culture of the countries (Crittenden et al, 2011). Technological factors: The technological factors include the packaging design, new factories, new equipment and new machines. All these factors may have a negative impact on the business activities of the company. Legal factors: The rules, policies, regulations which are imposed by the government also influence the business of the company. Environmental factors: The water problems, pesticides and climate changes also affect the market of the company. Therefore, the company should analyze the environmental factors (Allen, Singh Powell, 2013). Association culture and leadership style Coca Cola Amatil is one of the biggest companies in soft drink and beverage products across the world. The company provides excellent corporate culture to employees for doing work efficiently. The company culture includes the seven core values such as leadership, diversity, collaboration, passion, integrity, accountability and quality. Alison Watkins is the CEO of the company. She maintains cooperation and collaboration within the organization. Further, the company uses excellent leadership style in the organization. The leadership styles of the company are discussed below (Handayati, Simatupang Sridharan, 2011). Team leadership style: The Company uses the team leadership style to create and maintain a good position in the future. CEO inspires and motivates employees through team leadership style. Employees maintain teamwork and coordination among the various departments with the help of this leadership style. Cross cultural leadership: The Company is expanding its business day by day, therefore, the company needs a large number of employees to perform the work. People come from different background and they follow different cultures. Thus, the company provides cross cultural training to employees. Autocratic leadership style: In this leadership style, managers strictly focus and monitor the activities of employees. In this way, it improves the efficiency and productivity of employees. Employees learn many things from their superior and they gain knowledge and experience from them (Klettner, Clarke Boersma, 2014). Democratic leadership style: In this style, managers involve employees in the decision-making process. It enhances and encourages the morale and satisfaction level of the employees. In democratic leadership style, managers delegate authorities and power towards subordinates to achieve the mission and vision of the company. Coaching leadership style: In this style, superiors improve the skills and knowledge of the employees. Thus superiors and managers motivate the workers to perform their duties and responsibilities. Now it is assumed that organizational culture of the company is very excellent. CEO provides a good working environment to employees for doing work. She ensures the employee's security and safety and provides good wages to employees. On the other hand, leadership styles also play a significant role in success and growth of the company (Jones Reid, 2010). Conclusion Coca Cola Amatil is one of the biggest brands in beverage and soft drinks across the world. It deals in various products like soft drinks, beverages, coffee, tea, juice, energy drinks, flavored milk and sports drinks. 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